These include Sithathor, Menet, Senetsenebtysy, and Meret. 2023. A double-dated papyrus in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his reign next to Year 1 of his son, Amenemhat III; generally, this is presumed to be a proof for a coregency with his son, which should have been started in this year. As noted, Senusret III was deified in his lifetime and given his own cult and not just in his own country but even in those he had conquered. This page was last modified on 6 February 2023, at 06:30. This policy allowed for significant developments in regional styles in the arts and innovations in other areas but posed a potential threat to the crown should any given nomarch become strong enough to challenge the government. The pharaoh in these chapters elevates Joseph to a position of power second only to his own and entrusts to him the salvation of Egypt from famine. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds were not used. The piece depicts Senusret III's victories over the Nubians and Libyans in symbolic form: Senusret III appears as a griffon destroying the enemies of Egypt while the goddess Nekhbet, in the form a vulture, hovers over his royal cartouche in the center. Sesostris al III-lea; Statements. However, he can ultimately be traced to the three Twelfth-Dynasty kings called Senwosret. Other sons are not known.[4]. Egyptian statuary, on the whole, avoids expressive depictions because the works were made to represent the totality of the individual, not that person at any given time. country of citizenship. This deposit provides evidence for the date of construction of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at Abydos.[13]. Probably responding to the growing strength of the native Nubian polities of the region, the king conducted four campaigns in which he quelled the nomads and extended the frontier to the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. imported from Wikimedia project. Keluarga. Senusret III was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. Its ancient name was Senusret Petei Tawi (Senusret beholds the two lands). The pyramid was built during the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt at el-Lisht, near the pyramid of his father, Amenemhat I. I am a king who speaks and executes. These Nubian expeditions are the victories which gave rise to the legend of the great conqueror Sesostris recorded in the works of Herodotus and others. Djehutyhotep was the son of Key and Teti, and grand-son of Nehri (possibly the Vizier Nehri from an earlier . He also led expeditions into Palestine and Syria and afterwards increased trade relations with those regions who respected him equally. The 800-foot long, underground structure was once though to be a cenotaph (symbolic tomb). The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land here. Cleopatra, who also exercised such power, would rule some 14 centuries later. It is Senusret II also known as Sesostris II. Among people born in 1950 BC, Senusret III ranks 1. Consequently, he is regarded as one of the sources for the legend about Sesostris. About the Author Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin Associate Professor of Neurology and lover of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia. Sinuhe was a courier and assistant to the King of Egypt, Amenhotep I. Senusret I established a military garrison on Egypt's southern border and erected a victory stele to commemorate his achievements. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the Faiyum oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from the Bahr Yusuf through to Lake Moeris by means the construction of a dike at El-Lahun and the addition of a network of drainage canals. His campaigns into Nubia expanded Egypt's boundaries, and the fortifications he built along the border fostered lucrative trade. Now my majesty has had an image made of my majesty, at this border which my majesty has made, in order that you maintain it, in order that you fight for it. [18][19], Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have himself portrayed in such a unique way, and polarized on two diverging opinions. Here were found the treasures of Sithathor and queen Mereret. Wegner stresses that it is unlikely that Amenemhat III, Senusret's son and successor, would still be working on his father's temple nearly four decades into his own reign. More people were now working at higher-paying jobs as administrators and bureaucrats, which enriched the individual nomes and provided a greater amount of disposable income. His military campaigns gave rise to an era of peace and economic prosperity that reduced the power of regional rulers and led to a revival in craftwork, trade, and urban development. He died of old age and before he died he appointed his successor Amenemhat II. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. The burial chamber was lined with granite. His court included the viziers Nebit, and Khnumhotep. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. Callender, Gae. After him are Wanli Emperor, Martti Ahtisaari, Michael II, Trebonianus Gallus, Mahmud of Ghazni, and Ferdinand VI of Spain. Because of his deeds of conquest and construction, Senusret III was immortalized in the writings of several Greek historians, ensuring that he would never be forgotten. Senusret III built what was probably the most impressive Middle Kingdom pyramid, as it stood over 256 feet tall, but unfortunately the limestone casing was stripped and the mud-brick core eventually gave way to the ravages of time. As a statesman, the pharaoh made laws, waged war, collected taxes, and oversaw all the land in Egypt (which was owned by the pharaoh). Memorability Metrics 360k Page Views (PV) 66.38 Historical Popularity Index (HPI) 43 Languages Editions (L) 8.65 Effective Languages (L*) 2.85 Although Senusret I and Senusret II extended Egypt's borders and established fortifications, they did not have the same reputation for greatness accorded to Senusret III. . 02 Mar 2023. The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom often appointed their sons as coregents, which was kind of like a vice-pharaoh. The deep lines in his face were common in images of Senwosret III and his son Amenemhet III. After him are Amenemhat II, Khenemetneferhedjet I, and Shalim-ahum. Who was Senusret III? . I am a king who speaks and acts. During the era known as the First Intermediate Period of Egypt (2181-2040 BCE) these nomarchs were more powerful than the central government and commanded the same respect previously accorded the kings of the Old Kingdom. Further, the motif used in the biblical narrative of seven years of plenty followed by seven lean years was common in Egyptian narratives and most likely taken from them by the Hebrew scribe who wrote the story of Joseph. Senusret III was one of the few kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. His final campaign, which was in his Year 19, was less successful because the king's forces were caught with the Nile being lower than normal and they had to retreat and abandon their campaign in order to avoid being trapped in hostile Nubian territory. His reign is often considered the height of the Middle Kingdom which was the Golden Age in Egypt's history in so far as art, literature, architecture, science, and other cultural aspects reached an unprecedented level of refinement, the economy flourished, and military and trade expeditions filled the nation's treasury. Aside from his accomplishments in architecture and war, Senusret III is known for his strikingly somber sculptures in which he appears careworn and grave. Nahr al-Kalb, Reliefs of Ramesses II (left) and Esarhaddon. The pyramid was built of a core of mud bricks. It was released as part of the Civ V 10th Anniversary event. Deviating from the standard way of representing kings, Senusret III and his successor Amenemhat III had themselves portrayed as mature, aging men. A double-dated papyrus in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his reign next to Year 1 of his son, Amenemhat III; generally, this is presumed to be a proof for a coregency with his son, which should have been started in this year. Three wives of Senusret III are known for certain. Egypt was divided into four great districts, each of which possessed a hierarchy of officials and scribes directly responsible to the vizier. Senusret III: A Pharaoh, A Collector, A Legacy in the Sand. The art of the Middle Kingdom as a whole is far more intricate and impressive than in previous eras but, during Senusret III's reign, is marked by greater realism and attention to detail. His father was the king Senusret II (c. 1897-1878 BCE) and his mother the queen Kenemet-nefer-hedjet-weret (usually given as Kenemetneferhedjet-weret and meaning 'united with the white crown-great one', a reference to the white crown of Upper Egypt). On them, the king is depicted at different ages and, in particular, on the aged ones he sports a strikingly somber expression: the eyes are protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines under them, the mouth and lips have a grimace of bitterness, and the ears are enormous and protruding forward. These are Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, all three mainly known from their burials next to the pyramid of the king at Dahshur. When he was not in school, he would have engaged in athletic training with an emphasis on physical prowess and military skill. Senusret's pyramid complex was built north-east of the Red Pyramid of Dashur. Senusret II ruled Egypt during the end of the 1800s BCE. Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract [3] and relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion deep into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including Buhen, Semna and Toshka at Uronarti. Wiki . The face of Senwosret III is one of the most individual and recognizable in all of Egyptian art. At the head of his army, he was considered invincible; he led his troops by example and always from the front. After the breakdown of central authority was complete, two major power centers emerged one was based in the Lower/northern Egyptian city of Heracleopolis while the other was in the Upper/southern Egyptian city of Thebes. He ruled from 1897 BC to 1878 BC. I just love how powerful his face is. I have made my boundary beyond (that) of my fathers; I have increased that which was bequeathed to me. Among his achievements was the building of the Canal of the Pharaohs. Senusret I Kheperkare (also known as Sesostris I and Senwosret I) was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty ( Middle Kingdom) of Ancient Egypt. Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt. This policy disenfranchised most of the nomarchs but, interestingly, there is no evidence of resistance to it, nor is there any indication that the king was resented for a move which should have significantly affected the standard of living of a number of formerly powerful families. Senusret III was among the few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. instance of. There is also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women. [23], More recently, it has been suggested that the purpose of such peculiar portraiture was not to represent realism, but rather, to reveal the perceived nature of royal power at the time of Senusret's reign. Like the later pharaoh Thutmose III (1458-1425 BCE), Senusret III is best known for his great military skill and succession of victories even though his accomplishments in other areas were more significant. Granite head from a sphinx of the Egyptian pharaoh Senusret III with youthful features. The Middle Kingdom was the period in Egyptian history where the entire country was once more united under a single ruler after the tumultuous First Intermediate Period. First discovered in 1902, the tomb of Senwosret III is one of the largest royal tombs ever built in ancient Egypt, though perhaps one of the least well understood. . The pyramid complex at Lahun was built for the cult and burial of king Senusret II, father of Senusret III. [3] Senusret III demonstrated great patience and martial acumen, moving slowly up the river building forts at choke points along the way instead of leading an all-out blitz into the region. Ancient Egypt produced many powerful and able kings who built many great monuments, commissioned enduring works of literature, and expanded Egypts borders through numerous military campaigns. It is made of gneiss. Thank you for your help! He was to attack Nubia in several occasions - Year 8, 12 and 15 especially, the Nubians had gradually moved pass the border of the 3rd Cataract, given impetus by the two previous . At the opposite, other scholars suggested that the statues originally would convey the idea of a dreadful tyrant able to see and hear everything under his strict control. Egypts incredible growth during the Middle Kingdom was spurred by a series of vigorous and able kings, notably Senusret III, who led the conquest of Nubia, campaigned in the Levant, and initiated several ambitious public works projects. Senusret II. The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c. 2055-1650 BC). [9], His final campaign, which was in his Year 19, was less successful because the king's forces were caught with the Nile being lower than normal and they had to retreat and abandon their campaign in order to avoid being trapped in the hostile Nubian territory. imported from Wikimedia project. Pharaoh Khufu was known to have established a central authority for a pharaoh. What were some of senusrets accomplishments? Senusret III. Continue with Recommended Cookies. [26], Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian literature: a Book of Readings, Berkeley CA, University of California Press, 1973. pp.119120, Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994),p.86, Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997)p.177-9, Last edited on 17 February 2023, at 16:33, "The Tree of Life (Mysteries of Osiris, book 1) by Christian Jacq", Stela of Senusret III from Deir el-Bahri (hieroglyphic text in russian web-site), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senusret_III&oldid=1139938107. Of Neurology and lover of the most individual and recognizable in all of Egyptian art north-east of mortuary! Associate Professor of Neurology and lover of the pharaohs of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III his! 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