The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. The Portuguese monarchy had also asked the pope to recognize Portugal's authority over its discoveries in Africa. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. Q: What color gemstones are engraved upon Crown El CId? France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. Page officielle des fans de Rise of Kingdoms. Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. Although he lived in exile, he was considered the king. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. February 3, 2023. Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. Germany She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . As he rode from Edinburgh to London in 1603, shortly after becoming king, he was met by a group of Puritans (members of the Anglican Church who advocated strict reforms). Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. Instead, it was a series of conflicts mixed with periods of peace that began in 1337 and ended in 1453. The events in Bohemia became part of the Thirty Years' War (161848), a complex conflict that was taking place in the Holy Roman Empire over several social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. Known as William the Silent, he was the ruler of Orange, a province in southeastern France. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. answer choices. Henry declined to join the French effort. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. Edward was returned to the throne. Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. Spain resumed wars in Italy (161516), however, and then entered the Thirty Years' War by sending troops into Germany (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 8). At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. Game Info. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. Markets have moved higher after Rishi Sunak agreed a deal with the European Union to settle post-Brexit trading arrangements in Northern Ireland. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. Egypt awakens, chaos awaits. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. In August 1520 he met with Henry VIII in Calais, France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, hoping to win Henry's support in the war against Spain. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). James also supported settlement in the New World. Philip's grandson, Louis IX (12141270; ruled 122670), had a long reign. All ROK Peerless Scholar answers are provided below so that you can pass the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. Henry's wife, the strong and determined Margaret of Anjou (14301483), gathered those loyal to the house of Lancaster and asked them to support the king. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). do with the translation. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. successor to the throne. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. After the French invasion of Italy in 1494, Ferdinand was able to intervene in the affairs of Naples and Milan. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. The revised Book of Common Prayer also ordered the destruction of stone altars associated with the Catholic Mass (worship service in which communion is taken). Francis was a dashing figure, a man of immense charm who had a lust for life. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. ceremony. According to the map, Italy in the early 19th century was. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. Pope Alexander VI (14311503; reigned 14921503) took the side of the Medicis and convinced King Ferdinand of Aragon to send in Spanish troops to fend off the Sforzas, the French, and the Swiss. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). 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