After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes.[78]. "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did. At home their families were in worsening condition and faced starvation and the depredations of roving bands of marauders. General Sherman's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities. He ventured back and forth several times, giving the wounded Union soldiers water, warm clothing, and blankets. While I think the slavery was certainly a significant catalyst (along with tariffs & internal improvements) for the war, once started the Southern objective was simple: obtain independence in a national liberation struggle. Two to four brigades usually formed a division. (MA thesis Virginia Tech, 2014). Additional information may be found by viewing the image of the original record. Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity, he would have turned against his Confederate captors, and "could do it with pleasure". What Were the Major Strategies of the Civil War? [12][13] The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. About 69% of Confederate soldiers worked as farmers before the war, 5% of Confederate soldiers worked as mechanics and 9% of Confederate soldiers worked as laborers (Lanser 11. "Justice Has Something to Do with It: Class Relations and the Confederate Army." Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16, 1865, and June 28, 1865. [112] The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading, and Research. However, according to Randolph H. McKim in his book The Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army, the numbers of enrollment into the Confederate army were: Virginia: 175,000Florida: 15,000Georgia: 120,000North Carolina: 129,000South Carolina: 75,000Mississippi: 70,000Alabama: 90,000Tennessee: 115,000. General Kershaw later stated that he observed Kirkland for more than an hour and a half. A typical CSR will include an envelope that lists a soldiers name, rank, unit, and card numbers, followed by cards with details extracted from muster rolls, rosters, hospital rolls, Union prison records, payrolls, and other records, with a new card being created each time a soldiers name appeared on a new document. The C.S. Confederate soldiers had a variety of nicknames, such as Reb, Johnny Reb, Greyback, Rebels, Secesh, Butternuts and Johnnies, according to Josephus Nelson Larned in his book The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research: During the first year of the war [of the rebellion in the United States] the Union soldiers commonly called their opponents, Rebs and Secesh; in 1862, Confeds; in 1863 Graybacks and Butternuts and in 1864, Johnnies. The nickname Butternuts was given the Confederates on account of their homespun clothes, dyed reddish-brown with a dye made of butternut bark. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. Although only 20% of a sample of 429 Southern soldiers named slavery as the main reason they were fighting in the war, there was a reason for that, according to McPherson: Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. The United States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas and the west. Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. Name that Criminal 55%. URL. In 1864, the Confederates burned down Chambersburg, a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before, due to its failure to pay an extortion demand. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. [99] Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets, Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian Atlanta Southern Confederacy continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate Army, even as late in the war as January 1865. According to his analysis, the soldiers' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades; it was a shield against fear; it helped reduce drinking and fighting in the ranks; it enlarged the soldiers' community of close friends and helped compensate for their long-term separation from home.[38][39]. [2], Kirkland went on to fight in both the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg where, after further distinguishing himself for courage and ability, he was promoted to lieutenant. [85] The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service. March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented. [43] After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move, as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy, and thus lead to greater enlistment of soldiers in the Confederate army. Barring the same type of circumstances that might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command, divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals. It rallied behind Lincoln's call on April 15 for all the loyal states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to save the Union. The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought. . "[98] After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March 1865. Some states (such as North Carolina) were able to better supply their soldiers, while other states (such as Texas) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued. Copy. [81], In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. [57][58], Young Mark Twain deserted the army long before he became a famous writer and lecturer, but he often commented upon the episode comically. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The last name, Johnnies, is said to have originated in a quarrel between two pickets, which began by the Union mans saying that the Confederates depended on England to get them out of their scrapeThe Union mansaid that a Reb was no better than a Johnny Bull, anyhowThe name stuck, and in the last part of the war the Confederate soldiers were almost universally called Johnnies., Confederate soldiers were called rebels because, at the time, the American Civil War was known as the War of the Rebellion. Since the Confederates were fighting against their own country in this rebellion, they were called rebels.. Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view.. 126 times it says help the less fortunate and I am sure it means even more so when you have compromised their education and freedom as was done for our black bothers and sisters for 250 years before the civil war so others could benefit financiallyhorrible greed at its best. At that time they were considered Traitors to the Union. These numbers do not include sailors who served in Confederate States Navy. One list provides names of Confederate soldiers who died in either Confederate or Union hospitals in Harrodsburg, Lexington, and Danville, KY. ", Scott King-Owen, "Conditional Confederates: Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers, 18611865.". [77], As a result of severe supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Battle of Antietam, also called Battle of Sharpsburg, (September 17, 1862), in the American Civil War (1861-65), a decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. [121], James McPherson states that "Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. [81] As a result of the Treaty, the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles, led by Col. John Drew, was formed. Soldiers who served in the Confederate States Army fought on behalf of the Confederate States of America. Probably the most common way the two sides in the conflict are referred to is "the North" and "the South," designating respectively the states, mostly in the northern regions of the country, that did not secede from the United States and the states that did secede and joined together in a new polity, and these states were all located in the southern parts of the United States. [81][83] During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg. Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. [132], Native Americans and the Confederate Army, African Americans and the Confederate Army, Prisoner exchanges with the United States, On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven, Records of the number of individuals who served in the. Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. Confederate . [107] It would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction. ADVERTISEMENT MORE FROM REFERENCE.COM General Kershaw would later be buried in that same cemetery, which also maintains the graves of Civil War General John Bordenave Villepigue and his descendant, World War I Medal of Honor recipient John Canty Villepigue, in addition to World War I Medal of Honor recipient Richmond Hobson Hilton. ", "How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. At some point during the day, Kirkland allegedly approached Confederate Brig. His body was returned home to Kershaw County, South Carolina, and he was buried in the "Old Quaker Cemetery" in Camden. U.S., Confederate Service Records, 1861-1865, U.S., Union Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865, Provided in association with National Archives and Records Administration. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the Union Army. Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low. Official Records, Series I, Vol. Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100%: Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers. Local pressures mounted as Union forces occupied more and more Confederate territory, putting more and more families at risk of hardship. [49], Confederate policies regarding desertion generally were severe. Mostabout 90,000were former . The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System (CWSS) is a database containing information about the men who served in the Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War. "[86], With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40% of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the MexicanAmerican War. Its Anglicized spelling Yankee could, in this way, have been used to mock Dutch colonists. He was the fifth son of Mary and John Kirkland. WASHINGTON - Congressman Steve Cohen (TN-09) today introduced the Fort Pillow National Battlefield Park Study Act, legislation that would direct the Department of the Interior to conduct a resource study to determine whether the location of an infamous massacre of Black Union soldiers in the waning . Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians. Uploaded by This was a decision made early in the conflict. Confederate soldiers were called rebels because, at the time, the American Civil War was known as the "War of the Rebellion." Since the Confederates were fighting against their own country in this rebellion, they were called "rebels." For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. Let us put the negro to work, but not to fight. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Names of Confederate soldiers are in alphabetical order, with information on their rank, Regiment, and Company. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. The central government was short of money so each state government had to supply its regiments. A variation of the tale says the money was later moved to a "depository" in Atlanta, Georgia. Members of all the military forces of the Confederate States (the army, the navy, and the marine corps) are often referred to as "Confederates", and members of the Confederate army were referred to as "Confederate soldiers". South Carolina was the first to secede, on December 20, 1860, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. [113] He noted that some Confederates brought along "their body servants, who in many cases had grown up with them" and that "on occasion some of those body servants were known to have picked up a rifle and fought. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern rights and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. [130][131], Compared to the Union Army at the time, the Confederate Army was not very ethnically diverse. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Factmonster is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. A disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp, and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight. On September 20, 1863, he and two other men took command of a charge near "Snodgrass Hill" during the Battle of Chickamauga. Official Records, Series IV, Vol. For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. , with information on their rank, regiment, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the day Kirkland. From slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100 %: Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate States of.... Got little ethnically diverse the fifth son of Mary and John Kirkland were expecting support from the Confederates account... Would advertise for a chance at military service desertion generally were severe Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Congress! 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