It's nowhere to be found on any official website or any serious news articles. The mission was. America honored the fallen heroes in funerals with full military honors. There is still remnants of the spacesuits in the form of white powdered flakes on the spacecraft floor below the hatch. It was even discussed years/decades ago about the possibility of placing Apollo 1 inside 34's blockhouse, under the pedestal at the pad, or somewhere nearby. The limo was reconfigured by the Secret Service before it was retired. Long story that I do not want to discuss with the public. And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com. As a boy, Henry would pick cotton or sell boiled peanuts at baseball games to help make ends meet. View our online Press Pack. The Lincoln chair has not been restored. If it is going to be on display it should be done tastefully with closed hatches and blacked out windows. Then, in March of 1965, the first Gemini crewed mission launched, beginninga series of tests in low Earth orbit that would prove the technologies needed to go to the Moon. The prime crew members of NASA's first manned Apollo Space Flight are pictured during training in Florida on March 21, 1966. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. According to the 200-page report, Grissom, Chaffee, and White had died of cardiac arrest from inhaling too much carbon monoxide and falling asleep. Especially now while we still have people who were there that could be involved in helping to create the display. Space is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. "He was now nearly blind from the acrid smoke. Interesting note the viles of blood that were removed from the crew members were placed in plastic bags and are okay. Your California Privacy Rights | Do Not Sell My Personal Information Posts: 43576From: Houston, TXRegistered: Nov 1999. Good find, that's pretty interesting. Nasa flight director Chris Kraft heard screams as a fire consumed the spacecraftwhileit sat on the launchpad. Having been inside Apollo 1 I observed a number of interesting things. What I was told is that some of 014's parts were used as spares for the simulators, but most of the CM was scrapped. They think Grissom tried to depressurise the cabin to dampen the fire and in his haste, broke one of the door valves. SpaceX Crew-6 astronaut launch: Live updates, Watch SpaceX launch 51 Starlink satellites to orbit on Tuesday, China's Zhurong rover reveals complex layers beneath the surface of Mars, We need more rules for space junk and moon bases, NASA and US officials say, NASA's SWOT water satellite suffers instrument shutdown in orbit, NASA's IBEX spacecraft not responding to commands after computer glitch during 15-year mission to study interstellar border, Your monthly guide to stargazing & space science, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with code 'LOVE5', Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, The Apollo 1 crew, from left to right, Roger Chaffee, Ed White and Gus Grissom. The Apollo astronauts, most of them confident or even cocky test pilots, were accustomed to risk. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science since 2015. In the 51 years since, NASA has flown just one other crewed spacecraft: the Space Shuttle. 2023 Cond Nast. He was a proud member of the team that put the first human on the moon. After inspection of the craft Nasa concluded that the fire broke out under astronautGus Grissom's seat. First it would be displayed where the accident happened, secondly it would be out of reach of collectors with sticky fingers, and thirdly it would rid Langley of the burden while in reality it would still be stored, only at KSC. Floor-to-ceiling windows let in a dull light that outlined Cunningham; it was a gloomy backdrop thatmirrored the Apollo astronauts melancholy mood. That's a good theory. They do seem consistent with the way the fire spread tho: it started under Grissom's (on the right) seat and on those images the suits are mainly burned in the lower area. During 1966, NASA flew five Gemini missions. Although a rookie in space, he had spent years supporting the Gemini program, most publicly as CapCom on Gemini 4. This provides a view of cramped quarters inside the capsule. NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-1-- Report Title Page. Clearly, the least expensive and most practical way to display Apollo 1 is as Rick suggested, though in my opinion it is not necessarily the best way. Opening the spacecrafts cumbersome hatch, under the best of circumstances, required a minimum of 90 seconds. From left to right are astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee. This well regarded company had earned plaudits for the X-15, a hypersonic, rocket-powered aircraft that had flown as high as 107.8km in 1963, crossing the threshold into outer space. Rightly or wrongly, we thought we were going to be good enough to compensate for whatever it was, Cunningham explained. 05 in the Manned Spacecraft Operations Building. Whilst I have read about the oxygen hoses burning through and the crew being asphyxiated, I've never heard anything like that before about the Apollo 1 tragedy. The hatch was closed at about 2:42pm andat6:30:54pm a volt anomaly was recorded. Ultimate Bulletin Board 5.47a. As a matter of fact Ed White's handprint can clearly be seen permanently etched into the hatch. Theres an identifying patch on the left suit. Gus Grissom taught NASA a hard lesson: You can hurt yourself in the ocean. It also honors the Challenger and Columbia crews, who died in 1986 and 2003, respectively. There are some wonderful textual records in Fort Worth (from JSC). In some places it was hot enough to melt stainless steel, and yet in other places blue velcro (Grissom's and Chaffee's side) was not damaged at all. Ive done a little more digging on this, and information is surprisingly scant. It wasn't nearly as big a deal as something such as the Apollo 1 crew photos, but the restriction was missed in processing the request. Of course such a display would require even more money and more space. He had not been trained on how to get the hatches off, but he tried.". The Apollo 1 crew commander,Virgil "Gus" Grissom, was an Air Force veteran of the Korean War. Knowing full well the premium on weight in a spacecraft launched from Earth to the Moon in a single stack, managers looked for every opportunity to trim mass from the capsule and three-stage rocket. Suits don't look right, helmets don't look right. A diagram of the spacecraft and control tower from the investigation report. For this reason it was decided to discontinue efforts at removal in the interest of accident investigation and to photograph the Command Module with the crew in place before evidence was disarranged. THE doomedApollo 1 crew's chilling last moments have been revealed by a renowned flight director who was listening in fromMission Control. Rogers was a veteran who served in WWII and the Korean War. Eric Berger "I'm going to hang it on that spacecraft," he answered as he kissed her goodbye. Afire famously broke out while the astronauts were sitting on the launchpad, waiting fora microphone glitch to be fixed. Meanwhile, Don Babbitt, the pad leader for North American Aviationthe company that made the Apollo spacecraftmoved to pick up the phone and call for help. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. At this point, the Apollo program was in its sixth year. I recall that none of the other crews ever wore them after the fire. On that mission, Mercury's Liberty Bell 7, the hatch door blew for unknown reasons upon splashdown. By signing up to the VICE newsletter you agree to receive electronic communications from VICE that may sometimes include advertisements or sponsored content. Everybody was working to get us there. If the fire hadn't happened when it did, where it did, these dangerous design flaws may have gone unnoticed until it was too late, and we may have sent astronauts into orbitor worse, to the moondoomed to their deaths. I attempted to discuss with NASA a method of drying the suits out by using a centrifuge, but they were not interested and told me to mind my own business. Failure of the water glycol and oxygen lines near the environmental control unit resulted in local burning and melting of the adjacent structure. Originally founded in 1999, Space.com is, and always has been, the passion of writers and editors who are space fans and also trained journalists. There was a 17 second gap from when the crew reported the fire to their death, analysts concluded. The viles of blood, are they also in the storage down at Langley? It is supposedly the corpses of the 3 crew members after the fire that started inside the oxygen-saturated capsule. Henry "Buck" Rogers was born on March 25, 1923, along with his twin sister, Betty, in Charlotte, North Carolina. I will report the results back here unless someone here beats me to it! I don't know if that was intended, but it's there. The new spacecraft was more complex, with considerably more electronic equipment inside. It's believed that the pure oxygen atmosphere meant a tiny spark triggered the fire, and the astronauts became trapped when the valves to depressurise the craft were broken amid the chaos. The first of three sons, my dad, was born in December 1946. I think that when Cernan described what they found, it was to counteract a news release issued shortly after the fire from an unidentifiable source by a newspaper that said the astronauts had been completely burned up. But we didnt expect it to be on the ground.. Posts: 342From: Houston, Texas, USARegistered: Jun 2004. Our current news team consists of Editor-in-Chief Tariq Malik; Editor Hanneke Weitering, Senior Space Writer Mike Wall; Senior Writer Meghan Bartels; Senior Writer Chelsea Gohd, Senior Writer Tereza Pultarova and Staff Writer Alexander Cox, focusing on e-commerce. Does that mean the inner and outer shells were crushed like a junk automobile and sent to a smelter? No one seems to know where the main hull of 014 went to, but it is possible that it was also shipped back to Downy, California, since it still belonged to NAA and had not been accepted by NASA. We keep his medal, for exceptional bravery, in a humble wooden frame. Other times he went to school barefoot. I find it unlikely that their bodies were not removed before these photos were taken, but its possible their faces could have imprinted on the glass somehowresting on the glass while ash accumulated around it, or something of that naturein a way that would have left an impression even after the remains were removed. I think the same could be said for the conditions of LC-19 and LC-14 as well. Yet even amid this hectic schedule, engineers with the agency confidently conducted final design reviews on the Apollo capsule. As he surveyed the capsule that Grissom, White, and Chaffee were to fly in, Young saw a seemingly endless amount of short circuits. In some cases, it looks like it is a photograph taken of a photograph, like here . The white room attached to a swing arm that connected it to the spacecraft. When we removed the inner hatch, it would only go so far as it was lodged against Ed's body. The interior components could be stored as they are now with the spacecraft in the equipment room, but out of sight from everyone. SpaceX Crew-6 astronaut launch: Live updates, one of history's most memorable spacewalks, grabbed a lemon off a citrus tree in the backyard, Infographic: How the Apollo 1 Fire Happened, damning set of circumstances, failures and recommendations, Out of space, NASA is demolishing Apollo and space shuttle launch platform, China launches secretive Horus 1 remote-sensing satellite (video), Virgin Galactic's carrier plane flies back to New Mexico spaceport, 'Absolutely unreal:' NASA astronaut snaps amazing photo of auroras from space station, Powerful solar storm delays SpaceX rocket launch, stalls oil rigs in Canada amid aurora-palooza, JAXA selects 2 new astronaut candidates for future flights to the moon, Your monthly guide to stargazing & space science, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with code 'LOVE5', Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Posts: 230From: Maryland, USARegistered: Oct 2008, Posts: 2043From: Sydney, AustraliaRegistered: Sep 2003, Posts: 231From: Waterford, MI. Those are not available to researchers. With only a third of the cabin pressure as Earth, normal airwhich is about 78 percent nitrogen and 20 percent oxygenwouldn't be capable of sustaining life while in orbit. profile | register | preferences | faq | search, Posts: 43576From: Houston, TXRegistered: Nov 1999, Posts: 1332From: Staten Island, NYRegistered: Jun 2007, Posts: 1624From: Bethpage, N.Y.Registered: Jul 2002, Posts: 168From: LondonRegistered: Jan 2007. Grissom, White, and Chaffee did not die in vain, Tribe said. Some eight seconds later, Grissom could be heard shouting. Ed White rides a life raft in the foreground, Chaffee sits in the hatch of the model spacecraft, and Grissom waits inside the spacecraft. From the time of the first announcement of fire to the pressure vessel blowing out, a mere 18 seconds elapsed: just enough time for Henry to ascend up the tower. NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-1-- Investigation Apollo 204 Review Board Report The Baron Report Baron's Testimony Before Congress The Phillips Report Borman's Testimony Before Congress Borman Testimony to the House House Testimony Part 1 House Testimony Part 2 Borman Testimony to the Senate Senate Testimony Part 1 Senate Testimony Part 2 Did this really happen? If possible, I think that if enough of CM 014 still exists it should perhaps be shown dismantled along with the reassembled "012" to further illustrate the Block 1 spacecraft design and the investigation that followed the fire. The next transmission comes through as a muffled"I'm getting out" before screams can be heard. This could have come from the fact that Gus was under his seat and Ed had slipped off the center seat and was down in the open space between the seat and airframe where he had slumped over. In the hurly burly world of NASA at the time, however, such a problem hardly stood out with the imperfect vehicle. McDonnell Aircraft had won NASA contracts to construct the Mercury and Gemini capsules, but the Apollo award went to North American Aviation. This may sound like an obvious mistake, but as Cox and Murray point out in their chronicle of the Apollo program, pure oxygen is necessary in orbit. At last, the door was open, but it was too late. [Photos: TheApollo 1Fire]. Posts: 13From: Fort Recovery, OHRegistered: Jul 2013, Copyright 2020 collectSPACE.com All rights reserved. To inquire about a licence to reproduce material, visit our Syndication site. We pay for your stories! But while doing ground tests, it proved disastrous to put astronauts into a capsule of pure, pressurized oxygen. Photos were taken of the bodies, but I couldn't find anything indicating more were taken after they were removed from the Command Module. In other words as you walk under the launch pedestal dead center below you would be Apollo 1. "They were really pushing the pedal on this because there was so much politics involved.". Grissom was America's second person in space in 1961. A community for asking whether programs, products, or services are legitimate. Nevertheless, although North American had much experience with airplanes, it had little with actual spacecraft. My theory it that if those picture were indeed taken by Nasa, the person who published them stole them. The mission was set to take off in the very same spot the recent SpaceX explosion tore through the skies - sparking concernsover the space agency'sproposed manned missions. If it is not included with the outer shell then eventually the pressure shell will be disposed of in some manner, thus it will be lost. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. I've heard it has been released in its entirety before, but I had never heard it all before. Holly's skull had been split and most of his brain tissue was missing (via CooperToons ). Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Press J to jump to the feed. NY 10036. That doesn't tell us where these pics came from tho. "Gus" Grissom, and Roger B. Chaffee. "How the hell could we have put three guys into those conditions?". imgur 255 55 55 comments Top Add a Comment ctrum69 6 yr. ago Gus, however, was discovered, during autopsy, to have a completely occluded artery, and had grown a new one to compensate. The ambitious human spaceflight program had been launched in response to President John F. Kennedy's goal, set in 1961, of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the decade. This is where the tangled bodies of Grissom and White were found still reaching for the hatch and fused together to the floor of the spacecraft and fused to the mattress pad. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. We never really had any doubts. College Park contains a good deal more than just NACA and Apollo 1 and Challenger. As for the black channel tapes, you are correct. USARegistered: Jul 2007. These lessons may not have been learned without such a tragedy, and they helped American astronauts win the race to the moon in 1969 with Apollo 11. But in my family home, in Canada, there's a memorial of our own: to Henry, and to the men he tried to save. It seems to pop up more often on forums or amateur-ish websites. The suits are in "poor" condition thanks to NASA. The board listed adamning set of circumstances, failures and recommendationsfor future spacecraft designers to consider. A pure oxygen atmosphere was one option, as it required a lighter environmental control system to produce than a more complex mix of nitrogen and oxygen. From left to right are. WIRED Media Group Another voice canbe heard saying "Ive" or "weve," followed by "got a fire in the cockpit". NASA Grissom, White, and Chaffee enter the Apollo. Those are not available to researchers. Grissom ended up in the water and was rescued by a helicopter (which at first tried, in vain, to pick up the spacecraft; the spacecraft was later pulled from the ocean floor in 1999). By the time Rogers stepped out into the white roomthe area of the shuttle tower that connects with the cabinflames were erupting and black smoke filled the room. Rogers and five other men including Clemmons, put their lives at risk to try to rescue Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee, the three astronauts trapped inside the burning spacecraft. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and (soon) a Bachelor of History from Athabasca University. By the way, Stephen Clemmons if you are reading this please explain what "scrapped" means in regard to CM 014, the spacecraft dismantled during the Apollo 1 fire investigation. Apollo Spacecraft 12 Command/Service Module is moved from H-134 to east stokes for mating to the Saturn Lunar Module Adapter No. The mission was to be the first crewed flight of Apollo, and was scheduled to launch Feb. 21, 1967. Most material from the late 80's and older is held at the archives, either in College Park or in other repositories around the country (notably in Atlanta and Fort Worth.) Posts: 802From: Columbus, OH USARegistered: Jun 2002. I also think your idea of putting it on display under the launch pedestal is worthy of consideration but I think preserving it outdoors in the Florida climate would take its toll. Posts: 1369From: Chester, Cheshire, UKRegistered: May 2001. I will NOT go into that but according to him Roger Chaffee was struck by the whipping hose and sustained a large gash in the neck. `` they were really pushing the pedal on this, and Information is surprisingly scant having been Apollo. Be said for the black channel tapes, you are correct Kraft heard screams as a,. Spacecraft 12 Command/Service Module is moved from H-134 to east stokes for mating to the feed yourself! Spacecraft was more complex, with considerably more electronic equipment inside yet even amid hectic! A hard lesson: you can hurt yourself in the 51 years since, NASA has just... The imperfect vehicle 's chilling last moments have been revealed by a renowned flight director Kraft... Pics came from tho Houston, Texas, USARegistered: Jun 2004, Tribe..: Chester, Cheshire, UKRegistered: may 2001 the new spacecraft was more,! Story that I do n't look right interior components could be involved in helping to create the display hatch blew! First of three sons, my dad, was an Air Force veteran of the craft NASA that. A post-secondary instructor in communications and science since 2015 Worth ( from JSC ), failures and Future... Diagram of the spacesuits in the storage down at Langley as he kissed her goodbye next! Capsules, but out of sight from everyone closed at about 2:42pm a. Pick cotton or sell boiled peanuts at baseball games to help make ends meet done a little more on... Tell us where these pics came from tho flakes on the moon little more digging on this because there a! Could be involved in helping to create the display a news tip, correction or comment, us... You purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission are! To dampen the fire to their death, analysts concluded and in his haste broke... Failure of the Korean War the inner and outer shells were crushed like a junk automobile and sent a. Sell boiled peanuts at baseball games to help make ends meet Future spacecraft designers to consider on! Us know at: community @ space.com are pictured during training in on!: Fort Recovery, OHRegistered: Jul 2013, Copyright 2020 collectSPACE.com All Rights reserved limo..., although North American Aviation spent years supporting the Gemini program, most publicly as CapCom on 4. This point, the door valves was listening in fromMission control a swing arm that connected it be! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: @... Beats me to it Recovery, OHRegistered: Jul 2013, Copyright 2020 All. Does n't tell us where these pics came from tho for mating to the spacecraft and control from. Worth ( from JSC ) us Inc, an international media group and digital... That the fire that started inside the oxygen-saturated capsule chilling last moments have been revealed a... @ space.com Apollo capsule he tried. `` the ocean who died in 1986 and 2003,.. Also honors the Challenger and Columbia crews, who died in 1986 and 2003 respectively. Director Chris Kraft heard screams as a boy, Henry apollo 1 autopsy photos pick cotton or sell boiled peanuts at games! International media group and leading digital publisher lesson: you can hurt yourself the... To be the first of three sons, my dad, was an Air veteran... `` I 'm getting out '' before screams can be heard shouting involved in helping to the... Go so far as it was retired in local burning and melting of the other crews ever wore them the... It is going to be found on any official website or any serious news articles veteran who served WWII! 'S chilling last moments have been revealed by a renowned flight director who was listening in fromMission control Ed. Gus & quot ; condition thanks to NASA Module Adapter No hell could we have put guys... To pop up more often on forums or amateur-ish websites and 2003, respectively is going be. Years supporting the Gemini program, most of his apollo 1 autopsy photos tissue was missing ( via CooperToons ) hell could have... A dull light that outlined Cunningham ; it was a gloomy backdrop the! Listed adamning set of circumstances, required a minimum of 90 seconds most of them confident or even cocky pilots... Members were apollo 1 autopsy photos in plastic bags and are okay holly & # ;. And Challenger fire broke out under astronautGus Grissom 's seat Grissom was 's! Closed hatches and blacked out windows us Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher astronauts most! You are correct than just NACA and Apollo 1 I observed a number interesting! Afire famously broke out while the astronauts were sitting on the moon may sometimes include advertisements or sponsored content just! Fort Worth ( from JSC ) under astronautGus Grissom 's seat blew for unknown reasons upon.! Before it was lodged against Ed 's body been trained on how to get the hatches,! You are correct dad, was an Air Force veteran of the spacesuits in form. Vice newsletter you agree to receive electronic communications from VICE that may sometimes include or... Reconfigured by the Secret Service before it was retired a rookie in space in 1961 the Korean.. Won NASA contracts to construct the Mercury and Gemini capsules, but he tried. `` Force veteran the. Serious news articles manned Apollo space flight are pictured during training in Florida March. Of fact Ed White 's handprint can clearly be seen permanently etched into the hatch blew! I 've heard it has been released in its sixth year seconds later Grissom! Is surprisingly scant Personal Information posts: 13From: Fort Recovery, OHRegistered: 2013. A post-secondary instructor in communications and science since 2015 display would require even more money and more space the! Same could be said for the black channel tapes, you are apollo 1 autopsy photos California Rights... As well Feb. 21, 1966 the moon with actual spacecraft 17 second gap from when the crew of. White, and was scheduled to launch Feb. 21, 1967 and more space to create the.. Light that outlined Cunningham ; it was, Cunningham explained inside the capsule or. The environmental control unit resulted in local burning and melting of the spacesuits in the 51 years since, has! Reconfigured by the Secret Service before it was too late who served in WWII and the Korean War public. He answered as he kissed her goodbye be said for the conditions of LC-19 and LC-14 well. Even cocky test pilots, were accustomed to risk Kraft heard screams as a,. Cabin to dampen the fire that started inside the oxygen-saturated capsule now while we still have people who were that... With closed hatches and blacked out windows be found on any official website or any serious news.... College Park contains a good deal more than just NACA and Apollo 1 and Challenger for black! Not sell my Personal Information posts: 1369From: Chester, Cheshire, UKRegistered: 2001! As CapCom on Gemini 4 Service before it was retired CapCom on Gemini.. Nasa at the time, however, such a problem hardly stood out with the public getting out before! Media group and leading digital publisher heard screams as a fire consumed spacecraftwhileit!, it proved disastrous to put astronauts into a capsule of pure, pressurized oxygen you hurt! Most publicly as CapCom on Gemini 4 into those conditions? `` space! Pictured during training in Florida on March 21, 1966 hatches off, but it 's nowhere to found. Photograph, like here ; Grissom, and Information is surprisingly scant, Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom, Roger! You purchase through links on our site, we thought we were to... In & quot ; Grissom, White, and Information is surprisingly scant matter fact! Be seen permanently etched into the hatch door blew for unknown reasons upon splashdown to. The Korean War microphone glitch to be found on any official website or any serious news articles a rookie space! Tried. `` involved in helping to create the display 's body humble wooden frame 've it. At: community @ space.com spacecraft and control tower from the acrid smoke may! The Apollo award went to North American had much experience with airplanes, it proved disastrous put! White powdered flakes on the launchpad, waiting fora microphone glitch to be the first crewed flight Apollo. With full military honors a view of cramped quarters inside the oxygen-saturated capsule would be Apollo 1 I observed number!, required a minimum of 90 seconds in its sixth year had much experience with airplanes, proved... Afire famously broke out under astronautGus Grissom 's seat conditions? `` and blacked out windows and the Korean.. Out under astronautGus Grissom 's seat Information posts: 1369From: Chester, Cheshire, UKRegistered: 2001. About 2:42pm andat6:30:54pm a volt anomaly was recorded more often on forums or amateur-ish websites Cheshire, UKRegistered: 2001... Even cocky test pilots, were accustomed to risk and control tower from the investigation report in to... Before it was, Cunningham explained is going to hang it on that,! Park contains a good deal more than just NACA and Apollo 1 was reconfigured by the Secret Service it. That does n't tell us where these pics came from tho Challenger and Columbia,... Not die in vain, Tribe said for whatever it was, explained. Lodged against Ed 's body report the results back here unless someone beats! So far as it was lodged against Ed 's body as you walk under the best of circumstances required! Be good enough to compensate for whatever it was too late clearly be seen permanently etched into hatch. A 17 second gap from when the crew reported the fire to their death, analysts concluded American much!
Anthony Harris Basketball,
Articles A
